First African American Governor

First African American Governor
By JASMIN K. WILLIAMS

Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback was the first African American to become governor of a U.S. state. What makes this fact all the more astounding is that the state was Louisiana, a Southern state.

Pinchback was born on May 10, 1837, the son of a slave and her master who lived as husband and wife with their five children. The family lived in Mississippi, where the elder Pinchback purchased a large plantation. The Pinchbacks lived well, a far cry from the conditions in which other blacks subsisted during that time.

The elder Pinchback died in 1848 and his family disinherited Mrs. Pinchback and her children. Fearing that the children would become slave property, as there was no emancipation yet, she fled to Cincinnati with her family.
Young Pinchback began working on the boats that stopped along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and became an experienced hustler, specializing in con games like three-card monte and chuck-a-luck.

In 1860, Pinchback married Nina Hawthorne. The following year, the Civil War broke out and Pinchback hoped to fight with the Union troops against the South. He went to Louisiana and formed several companies, which became part of the Louisiana National Guard. He was the only black person in the ranks, but he resigned after growing tired of the constant prejudice he encountered.

After the war ended, he and his wife moved to Alabama to test out their newly found freedom. But conditions had not changed with emancipation. He found that occupying Union forces were as prejudiced as their Southern counterparts, often dressing in Confederate uniforms at night to terrorize the newly freed slaves. Pinchback began organizing and speaking out at public meetings, urging blacks to organize and fight politically.

Pinchback returned to New Orleans as a committed Republican. He was elected as a delegate to the Republican State Convention, and he accepted the nomination for state senator during the 1867-68 Constitutional Convention. He campaigned vigorously for himself and his mentor and ally, Gov. Henry Clay Warmoth.

Pinchback lost by a narrow margin and cited voting fraud. The new legislature agreed, and allowed him to take his oath of office and join the Louisiana Senate, which had 42 African-American representatives. By 1871, however, the state legislature fell victim to the political corruption common during the Reconstruction era.

After the sudden death of the state's lieutenant governor, Pinchback was recommended by Warmoth as the replacement, becoming the first African-American lieutenant governor.

But Republicans were not happy with Gov. Warmoth and sought to impeach him. Pinchback became the acting governor, drawing hate mail from all over the country and death threats from his community. By 1873, Pinchback's historic gubernatorial run was over, and another Republican, William Kellogg, was elected governor.
In 1874, Pinchback ran for a US House seat and two years later for the Senate. He won both, making him his state's first African-American representative in Washington. But each victory was contested and he was removed, amid allegations of fraud, in favor of a white candidate. This was the beginning of a reversal of the many political gains blacks had made since the end of the Civil War.

At nearly 50 years of age, Pinchback began studying law and in the early 1890s, moved his family to New York City, where he served as a US Marshal. Later, they settled in Washington. Sadly, he watched as the achievements he had sought for African Americans were legally and illegally reversed. The number of registered black voters in Louisiana alone fell from 130,000 to 1,300 in eight years.
Pinchback continued the fight for equal rights for blacks. He was chairman of the Convention of Colored Newspaper Men, which led to the formation of the Associated Negro Press.

Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback died on Dec. 21, 1921, and was buried in New Orleans. He should always be remembered for his struggles and accomplishments during the Reconstruction era.

The poet Bruce Grit declared, "The civic and political experiences of Gov. Pinchback should serve as a guide to our young men in the future and help them to break down the barriers which were set up by designing white men of his own political faith."

Father Of Harlem Real Estate

FATHER OF HARLEM REAL ESTATE


February 28, 2008 -- The famed Village of Harlem did not become the black capital of the world overnight. An overextended real-estate market and the ingenuity of Phillip Peyton, Jr. provided its surge.

NEWYork's famed Harlem has come a long way from its beginnings. It was first settled by Dutchman Hendrick de Forest in 1637. It became Nieuw Haarlem (New Harlem) in 1658. Right from the start, the name was synonymous with good living.

Harlem was the scene of a battle during the Revolutionary War. The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought on Sept. 16, 1776, on what is now 125th Street.
During the early 1800s, Harlem was occupied by wealthy farm owners, but by the late 1800s, the area began to decline. Most of Harlem's early residents were Jewish. Blacks began arriving around 1880, living in the Negro tenements. But a real-estate boom was under way by the turn of the century, with elegant apartments intended for well-to-do whites. Harlem was one of the most expensive places to live in New York City. Average rents downtown were between $10 and $18 dollars a month. Harlem rents started at $80.

Most blacks in Manhattan lived in the rundown San Juan Hill area near what is today Lincoln Square. Blacks migrated to Harlem in droves in the early 1900s, but were not welcomed by landlords outside of the tenements. But what goes up eventually comes down, and Harlem's real-estate bubble burst, leaving landlords with few tenants or buyers. Enter Phillip Peyton, Jr.
Born in Westfield, Mass., on Feb. 17, 1876, Peyton was a barber by trade, but also worked as a handyman and custodian. Peyton eventually became a real-estate agent, managing the colored tenements.

"My first opportunity came as a result of a dispute between two landlords onWest 134th Street. To 'get even,' one of them turned his house over to me to be filled with colored tenants," Peyton said.
He opened his Afro-American Realty Co. at 67W. 134th St., and began filling the empty buildings with black tenants. Two years later, he began buying his own buildings.

Peyton still faced opposition from white real-estate agents who did not want blacks in their buildings. So began a game of one-upmanship.
Peyton sold three buildings on 135th Street to the white-owned Hudson Realty Co., which, in turn, evicted the black tenants and filled the buildings with whites. Peyton reciprocated by buying two adjacent buildings and evicting the white tenants and filling it with blacks. Whites were now leaving Harlem and Hudson Realty sold the buildings back to Peyton and took a loss. Peyton's reputation was established, and his company grew to be worth more than $1 million. And he was not yet 30 years old.

Eventually, Peyton became as overzealous with his purchases as his white counterparts had been, and he soon found himself stuck with empty buildings and angry stockholders. His enterprise crashed with the 1907-08 recession.

But the wheels were in motion, and there was no stopping the migration of blacks to Harlem. By 1915, more than 50,000 African-Americans lived there, including many of the great artists, musicians and writers who would spur the storied Harlem Renaissance.

Peyton did not live to see his dream of a black Harlem fully realized. He died in 1917, at age 41. But there is no doubt that his efforts in opening Harlem's doors to blacks led to Harlem becoming the Black Capital of the World.

The Chicago Defender

The Chicago Defender, which became the world’s largest black newspaper.


Robert S. Abbott started the Chicago Defender in 1905 with just twenty-five cents.
February 26, 2008 -- Today’s page looks at the Chicago Defender, which became the world’s largest black newspaper.

The Chicago Defender was founded by Robert S. Abbott on May 5, 1905, and lauded itself as the "world’s greatest weekly." The Defender was the nation’s most influential black weekly newspaper at the start of World War I. Abbott started the paper with 25 cents and 300 copies, working out of a small kitchen in his landlord’s Chicago apartment.

The first editions were handbills containing local news items gathered mostly from other papers. The Defender did not use the words "black" or "Negro." African-Americans were referred to as "the Race." It was militant in its decry of racial injustice and famous for blazing headlines and graphic images that depicted the injustices blacks suffered in the United States, including lynchings. The paper soon attracted national attention.

The Defender provided firsthand coverage of the infamous Red Summer Race Riots of 1919, which broke out in cities across the country.
The paper was in full support of the Great Migration (1915-1925), urging Southern blacks to leave the racially oppressive South and head North for better opportunities. The paper featured job listings and train schedules, and referred to the famed migration as the "Great Northern Drive." More than 110,000 blacks came to Chicago alone, nearly tripling the city’s African-American population.

It was no surprise that distributors in the South refused to circulate the paper. The Defender was smuggled in by Pullman porters and entertainers, passed from person to person and read aloud in barber shops and churches. The Chicago Defender was the first black newspaper to have a circulation of more than 100,000, a health column and a full page of comics.

Famed writers Langston Hughes and Walter White were columnists. The paper also published the early poems of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, Gwendolyn Brooks.
Abbott’s nephew and heir, John H. Sengstacke, took over the paper in 1940 and continued its policy of championing full equality for African-Americans. Among his accomplishments were influencing President Harry Truman to issue an order ending segregation in the military and helping to integrate Chicago’s city government.

Sengstacke became the first president of the National Negro Publishers Association, an organization founded to establish unity among the black newspapers. There are more than 200 black newspaper members in the organization, known today as the National Newspaper Publishers Association.

On Feb. 6, 1956, The Defender became the Chicago Daily Defender, the largest black-owned and-operated daily in the world.

Sengstacke established his own newspaper empire with Detroit’s Michigan Chronicle, the Tri-State Defender in Memphis, Tenn., and the Pittsburgh Courier. He served as publisher of the Defender until his death in May of 1977.

On Feb. 13, the Chicago Defender returned to its roots as a weekly publication, but its mission to serve the African-American community remains as strong as it has always been.

Source:By JASMIN K. WILLIAMS

First Black Senator

First Black Senator

By Jasmis K. Williams


Hiram Rhodes Revels was born a free man in Fayetteville, N.C., in 1822. His father was of black, white and Lumbee (Native American) ancestry and his mother was an emancipated slave.

Young Hiram was tutored and, at 16, he went to Lincolnton, N.C., to work as an apprentice in his brother's barber shop. Three years later, his brother died, leaving Hiram to manage the shop.

Soon after, Hiram abandoned barbering for education. He studied in Indiana and Illinois. He also studied at a black seminary in Ohio. The ministry would be his calling.

Revels traveled extensively with his ministry through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas before settling in Baltimore, Md., where he started a school for black children.

During the Civil War, Revels' ministering and recruitment skills were put to use. He helped organize two black regiments to fight for the Union. He also served as the Union chaplain.

After the war, Revels settled in Natchez, Miss., where he founded a new church. He earned respect among blacks and whites for his political activities, as well as for his ministering. In 1869, Revels was elected to represent Adams County in the Mississippi state Senate, although he had never before attended a political meeting, given a political speech - or even voted. Through hard work and strength of character, he was chosen in 1870 to fill a vacant U.S. Senate seat that had been held by former Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

Revels' appointment was opposed by Southern Democrats, who used the Supreme Court's Dred Scott Decision to make a case that no black person was considered a U.S. citizen before the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868. Revels had officially been a citizen for two years. The U.S. Senate required a minimum of nine years. Supporters argued that Revels had been a citizen all of his life.

Revels took his Senate seat, becoming the country's first African-American senator. One of his first acts was to implore his fellow senators to reinstate black legislators who had been unfairly ousted from the Georgia General Assembly. He served until March 4, 1871, the end of Davis' vacated term.

After his time in the Senate, Revels served as president of Alcorn College, the state's college for African-Americans, where he also taught philosophy. He was removed, though, for campaigning against Mississippi Gov. Adelbert Ames and the carpetbagger government. ''Carpetbagger'' was a derogatory term used to describe the throngs of reformers who came to the postwar South to help it readjust. While many did come to help newly freed ex-slaves and whites adjust to postwar life, others came to exploit the dire conditions in the South for personal gain.

Revels wrote a widely publicized letter to President Ulysses S. Grant, charging the government with inflaming wartime hatreds and manipulating the black vote. Despite his political activities, Revels remained true to his calling as a minister and taught theology at Shaw College (now Rust College) in Holly Springs, Miss.

Hiram Revels died on Jan. 16, 1901, in Aberdeen, Miss., while attending a church conference. During some of the nation's most turbulent times for African-Americans, Hiram Revels made political history, but never abandoned his faith or his people.

The Father Of Black History Month

THE FATHER OF BLACK HISTORY MONTH

By JASMIN K. WILLIAMS


Dr. Carter G. Woodson in 1926 as a way to focus on the contributions of blacks in both American and world history.

Woodson was born in New Canton, VA in 1875. He was part of a large and poor family. He was unable to attend school because he was needed to help his family on their farm, but nothing would stop him from learning and he taught himself the fundamentals of basic school subjects.

Woodson worked in the Kentucky coal mines during his teens and was not able to start school until he was 20. But the late start didn't stop Woodson from excelling.
He graduated from high school in less than two years.

The brilliant Woodson began teaching high school and writing articles. He attended colleges in West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and Chicago, earning a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Chicago in 1907, and a Master's Degree in 1908.

He earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1912. He traveled to Europe and Asia and attended the Sorbonne in France. He would now dedicate himself to teaching and introducing other scholars to black history.

Dr. Woodson wrote more than 125 articles and authored more than 30 books, the most famous of which is "The Mis-Education of the Negro," written in 1933.
Dr. Woodson would forge a path that other scholars, like Arthur Schomburg, Dr. John
Henrik Clarke and Dr. Yosef Ben-Jochannan, would continue to follow.

Dr. Woodson felt that African- Americans had a rich history that they should be proud of, and that all Americans should understand it. "History," he said, "was not the mere gathering of facts. The object of historical study is to arrive at a reasonable interpretation of the facts. It must include some description of the social conditions of the period being studied." African-Americans had suffered because their true history was not being told correctly, he insisted.

Dr. Woodson founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. He edited the periodical "The Journal of Negro History," which remained an important historical reference on the subject for more than 30 years.

In 1926, Dr. Woodson made his most enduring contribution. He started Negro History Week in the second week of February. Why February? No, not because it's the shortest month of the year. Dr. Woodson chose it because it's the birth month of abolitionist Frederick Douglass and writer Langston Hughes. The NAACP was founded in February.

Woodson hoped that in time, all Americans would recognize the contributions of blacks and Negro History Week would no longer be needed. In the meantime, he hoped the observance would be a source of pride for blacks and a source of understanding for whites.

In 1976, the observance of Negro History Week was extended to the entire month of February and the name was changed to Black History Month.

Dr. Woodson died in 1950.

He said, "Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history